Chapter I: When people have more stuff than they can use, they will try to make money off the excess somehow. Having a stable government helps.
Chapter II: Money is not really tokens of precious metal, but the incorporeal value represented by them. Thus, there is nothing wrong with using banknotes as money instead. Smith does not quite talk himself into supporting fiat money, but he sees nothing wrong with banks issuing more paper than they have gold and silver in reserve, on the grounds that conserving use of metal money frees up metal for other uses. Futhermore, he strongly supports government regulation of the supply of paper money.
Chapter III: Labor and the use of capital are divided into productive and unproductive uses, defined by whether they generate profits directly or not. Pains are taken to emphasize that some resource sinks provide a benefit to society, such as maintaining a government. Employing servants is categorized as both unproductive and useless, an odd moment in a book which is otherwise in favor of the specialization of labor.
Chapter IV: Sometimes people lend out their stuff to make a profit on the interest. Governments which ban it (this was at a time when many people considered the Bible to be strictly against it) are simply encouraging a black market, but governments should put caps on it. What's a good cap?
Chapter V: Capital is used in many different industries, at home and abroad. It will naturally find its way into foreign markets if there is an imbalance, and governments should not force it into being used for imports and exports.
Chapter II: Money is not really tokens of precious metal, but the incorporeal value represented by them. Thus, there is nothing wrong with using banknotes as money instead. Smith does not quite talk himself into supporting fiat money, but he sees nothing wrong with banks issuing more paper than they have gold and silver in reserve, on the grounds that conserving use of metal money frees up metal for other uses. Futhermore, he strongly supports government regulation of the supply of paper money.
Chapter III: Labor and the use of capital are divided into productive and unproductive uses, defined by whether they generate profits directly or not. Pains are taken to emphasize that some resource sinks provide a benefit to society, such as maintaining a government. Employing servants is categorized as both unproductive and useless, an odd moment in a book which is otherwise in favor of the specialization of labor.
Chapter IV: Sometimes people lend out their stuff to make a profit on the interest. Governments which ban it (this was at a time when many people considered the Bible to be strictly against it) are simply encouraging a black market, but governments should put caps on it. What's a good cap?
In a country, such as Great Britain, where money is lent to the government at three per cent. and to private people on good security at four, and four and a half, the present legal rate, five per cent., is perhaps, as proper as any.
The legal rate, it is to be observed, though it ought to be somewhat above, ought not to be much above the lowest market rate. If the legal rate of interest in Great Britain, for example, was fixed so high as eight or ten per cent., the greater part of the money which was to be lent, would be lent to prodigals and projectors, who alone would be willing to give this high interest.
Chapter V: Capital is used in many different industries, at home and abroad. It will naturally find its way into foreign markets if there is an imbalance, and governments should not force it into being used for imports and exports.